Sergey B. Alemanov
http://alemanow.narod.ru
A mistake was found in the electrodynamics: it is detected that all electrodynamics' postulates corresponds to the experimental facts, but vortex electric fields has unclosed inductive lines.
When the magnet is moving, then the current of magnetic induction is moving together with it. From known velocity of motion v and the value of magnetic induction B, it is possible to calculate the intensity E of appearing vortex field according to electrodynamics formula of transformation of fields E = [vB].
If to change the E = [vB] on induction D = ε0E in formula of fields' transformation, that will get D = ε0[vB], where D is electric induction, B is magnetic induction, v is velocity of motion, ε0 is electric constant.
Herewith the appearing electric induction is always transverse to the direction of motion. It is possible to formulate the rule of origin for electric induction under the condition of rectilinear motion: if to dispose the right hand palm so four fingers shows the motion direction of the magnetic flow (the field), connected with moving magnet, and the vector B fells into palm, then the moved aside big finger will indicate the direction of vector D. The given rule is like the rule for Lorenz' force, but on the contrary (the difference is in frame). In the first case the charge moves, but the magnet rests. Here the magnet moves, but the charge, which points the direction for lines of force of electric induction, is immovable. So, there it is the rule for left hand, but here, on the contrary, it is the rule for right hand. Thereby, if the charge moves, but the magnet is immovable, then the rule of left hand uses for determination of the force. But if the magnet moves, but the charge rests, then the rule of right hand uses for determination of the force.
The origin of electric force is connected with that, the vortex electric field D = ε0[vB] appears around moving magnet (the magnetic field does not act on immovable charges).
In common literature on electrodynamics there is no any difference between electric vortex field and solenoidal field, but these are different notions. The sign of solenoidal field is the closed lines of electric induction (the flow of vector D through the closed surface is a zero), but for the vortex field the sign is following: the work of forces can be different from zero under the condition of motion along a closed line. That is to say, the vortex fields can agitate the rotational currents.
From the electrodynamics textbook: «The work of forces of vortex electric field can be different from zero, when the electric charge is moving along a closed line.»
For instance, when the magnet moves, the vortex electric field appears and this field can be solenoidal or not, depending on magnet's orientation.
Let's take such example: the magnet moves evenly, rectilinearly, and it's poles are oriented transversely to direction of motion. According to the rule of origin for electric induction (D = ε0[vB] that is the rule of right hand), the appearing vortex electric flow is not a solenoidal, since the lines of electric induction are not closed. Its begins in one conditional area of disturbance (+), accompanies the moving magnet, and it finish in another area of disturbance (-). For presentation it is enough to consider only two areas (+) and (-), represented on Fig.1. These dissimilar areas of disturbance appears because that flow of magnetic induction inside the magnet has the inverse direction, that outside the magnet.
That moving disturbance of electric and magnetic fields presents itself as transverse electromagnetic disturbance. Also, it is necessary to notice, that under such magnet's motion, the appearing vortex electric field is not closed, but the current of electric displacement, connected with it, is closed (a currents are always closed). In given example, for clarity, it is possible to present a intensity of electric field through the Lorenz' force, if to take the frame, in which the magnet rests, and the test charge moves.
On the Fig.1 the moving magnet is conditionally represented (motion is toward to the text, magnet is moving away). N and S are poles of magnet. The direction of lines of electric induction, appearing when the magnet is moving, specified by arrows -> and <-. Part of the lines begins in positive area (+) and finishes in negative area (-), the areas are placed on the ends of magnet. The flow of electric induction through closed surface is not a zero; that is to say, these areas of disturbance are moving electric charges.
From the electrodynamics textbook again: «The flow of vector D through any closed surface is equal to algebraic amount of external charges, covered by this surface. In the electrodynamics these postulates has the same role, as Newton' laws in classical mechanics.»
Thereby, according to postulate, it is necessary to consider the appearing dissimilar areas of disturbance (+) and (-) to electric charges, or it is necessary to change the postulate.
It is interesting, that a part of lines of electric induction, which placed frontal and behind magnet, starts and finish at infinity, since the distribution of magnetic induction around magnet has not determined borders.
For clarity, it is possible to make following calculation. For instance, the coil (loop or turn) with current, as a magnet, moves evenly and rectilinearly, but its magnetic poles are oriented transversely on motion direction. Under such motion the lines of electric induction are not closed, and the dissimilar areas of electric field's disturbance appears in space on the edges of this coil.
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Direction of movement ---> |
On Fig.2 the moving coil with current is conditionally represented. It moves from left to right side of the page. The arrows on the coil indicate the direction of current. The appearing dissimilar areas of disturbance of electric field are marked by signs (+) and (-). Knowing, that in medium of the coil B = μ0I/2r and according to D = ε0[vB], it is possible to find the electric induction, appearing in the center, between two dissimilar areas D = ε0μ0Iv/2r, where I is current in the coil, r is radius of the coil, v is velocity of motion, ε0 is electric constant, μ0 is magnetic constant. The electromagnetic disturbances in transverse electromagnetic waves has the similar field construction, there also dissimilar areas of disturbance of electric field exists, that is to say the lines of electric inductance are not closed. Only the currents of electric displacement and magnetic induction are closed.
Let's consider another example: magnet moves rectilinearly, but its poles are oriented longitudinally to direction of motion. According to the rule for origin of electric induction (D = ε0[vB] is the rule of right hand), the appearing rotational electric flow is solenoidal, since in this case the inductive lines become closed lines. Usually in books on the electrodynamics such moving magnet is considered, and the wrong conclusion is thereof done, that vortex electric field is always solenoidal, herewith it is forgotten, that poles of the magnet can be oriented not only along the direction of motion, but across also.
From the electrodynamics textbook: «The vortex electric field differs from electrostatic field that it is not related with any electric charges and its lines of intensity are closed lines.»
From theory and from experiments it follows, that under transverse motion of magnet the lines of disturbance of vortex electric field can be unclosed and, accordingly, the flow of induction through the closed surface is not a zero. Then there is a direct discrepancy to facts in modern electrodynamics. It is strange, but for the whole history of researches in magnetism the transverse magnet's motion was not is considered. It leads to revising of electrodynamics' postulates, which plays such role in electrodynamics, as the Newton's laws plays in classical mechanics. The postulates, giving invalid belief about field processes, accordingly, do not allow to make some correct calculations. Fallaciousness of these postulates was one of the reasons, on which the electrodynamics could not to consider and to calculate the discrete electromagnetic waves (photons), where the magnetic field also is the transverse field (the field construction and calculation of photons are represented on the page http://alemanov.da.ru). That is to say, not only particles has the charges, but areas of disturbance of field (without particles) are the charges also, where the flow of electric induction through the closed surface is not a zero. Thereby, the vortex electric fields can be not only as closed flows of induction, but as well as inducted electric charges, accordingly, the laws for electric charges are valid for induced electric charges also. For instance, in the law of conservation of charge: if somewhere the area of disturbance with positive sign appears, that negative area appears also.
From the electrodynamics textbook: «The vortex electric field is generated by the variable magnetic field. Its force lines are always closed, like force lines of magnetic field.»
But before this fundamental postulate, confirming, that force lines of vortex electric field are always closed, it was necessary to consider all variants of change for the magnetic field, including the variant of the transverse motion of the magnet. That is to say, the consideration of physical processes could not be unilateral. Faraday considered the longitudal motion of magnet and discovered the electromagnetic induction, but the transverse motion of magnet that have the principle importance for understanding of field processes in electrodynamics was not considered. Thereby, the longitudal motion of magnet brings to arising a vortex electric field with closed force lines, but transverse motion of magnet brings to arising a vortex electric field, where the lines of forces are not closed. In this case it lead to induced electric charges. It is necessary to notice, that this is first mistake, detected in electrodynamics postulates for all time of existence of electrodynamics.
From the electrodynamics textbooks: «Gauss' theorem is valid not only for electrostatics, but also for electrodynamics, which using a variable in time electromagnetic fields. We are not sure if this hypothesis is valid or it is not valid... Only the experiment can give the answer on this question. The whole collection of experimental facts speaks in favor of this hypothesis.»
But, unfortunately, the experiment with transverse motion of magnet was not considered seriously in this textbook.
The article "The Electrical Vortex Non-Solenoidal Fields" was published in the "New Energy Technologies" magazine, No. 3(6), 2002.
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