Vacuum fluctuations.
The pressure of the vacuum fluctuations on the parallel plates. The static Casimir effect.
| Sergey B. Alemanov http://alemanow.narod.ru alemanow@mail.ru | |
| Braking of the space crafts caused by the vacuum fluctuations |
|
«The reason of the existence of the Casimir effect
are the energetical fluctuations of the vacuum that occur as a result of
permanent appearance and disappearance in it of the virtual particles.»
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Эффект_Казимира (In Russian)
|
Vacuum fluctuations. |
The pressure of the vacuum fluctuations on the parallel plates. The static Casimir effect. |
In 2011 physicists have registered for the first time the dynamical Casimir effect, it has been recognized as the most important discovery of the year. They managed to transfer the energy of the vacuum fluctuations into the real particles (e.g., photons), with other words, they managed to extract the energy out of the vacuum.
«The engineers have created a silicon chip capable of
measuring the Casimir effect - the pressure of virtual particles on the close
located plates.»
http://lenta.ru/news/2012/07/31/kasimirchip/ (In Russian)
A compact device (microchip), which measures the pressure
of the vacuum, was created. Now it is possible to measure and compare the
pressure in different areas such as the surface of the Earth or space. Not so
long ago the static Casimir effect - vacuum pressure - seemed unbelievable.
Now the dynamical Casimir effect - friction in the vacuum - received its
experimental confirmation. Once again, the laws of quantum physics break the
usual stereotypes.
«Experiment confirming the dynamical Casimir effect was first proposed
at the LPI RAS.»
http://www.fian-inform.ru/?mode=mnews&id=1076&page=1 (In Russian)
«In 2011 a group of scientists from the Chalmers' University of
Technology confirmed the dynamical Casimir effect.»
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Эффект_Казимира
(In Russian)
«Chalmers scientists create light from vacuum»
http://www.chalmers.se/en/news/Pages/Chalmers-scientists-create-light-from-vacuum.aspx
«Physicists from Sweden, USA and Japan have described the first
observation of the dynamical Casimir effect.»
http://www.modcos.com/news.php?id=97 (In Russian)
Quantum vacuum fluctuations are not only able to exert
pressure and push the bodies to get closer to each other (static Casimir
effect), but also can they brake the speed of the spacecrafts due to the fact
that a moving body "pushes" fluctuations forward (dynamical Casimir effect).
Since all particles (bodies) in quantum physics are represented in the form
of the the de Broglie waves, it is obvious that the calculations should
be made also on the basis of the quantum-wave representations. The formula for the dissipation (the loss) of the kinetic
energy for the period of one fluctuation of the de Broglie wavelength is
deduced:
Unlike researches, where the influence of the vacuum fluctuations on the
resting bodies was studied (static Casimir effect), this work analyzes the
influence of the vacuum fluctuations on the moving bodies, where besides the
pressure of the fluctuations one also observes the friction (the braking of
the bodies) as one of the consequences of the dynamical Casimir effect. It is
clear that if there is pressure, the resistance to the movement should
certainly also occur. The existence of the vacuum fluctuations interacting
which the matter means that the vacuum is not an ideal environment for the
movement. At first this article describes the dissipation of the photon
energy, and then, following the principle of the corpuscular-wave dualism, a
generalization applicable to all elementary particles and physical bodies is
made.
«At present it is ascertained that vacuum is not an "empty space". It is
certain material continuum with quite determined, but unclear properties. It
was confirmed by vacuum effects observation such as "zero-oscillations",
vacuum polarization, particle generation by electromagnetic interactions.
Therefore it is reasonable to suggest that physical vacuum could have real
own internal "friction" resistance due to its own small but real viscosity.
Thus, photons could interact with vacuum which could result in astronomical
redshift of the light.»
http://bourabai.narod.ru/shtyrkov/evolution.htm
(in Russian).
«In real matter expanding of waves is always followed by the energy loss
(dissipation) as a result of energy transformation into heat.»
Russian Encyclopedia on Physics. Chapter "Waves"
(in Russian).
If vacuum field fluctuations exist, then in this vacuum
there also would be electromagnetic wave energy absorption - a wave's energy
transforms into fluctuation energy. It is clear that if the vacuum
fluctuations can be converted into real photons, the reverse process should
also be possible. If in the formula of the cosmological redshift we would
replace the frequency by the photon's energy
«The term "physical vacuum" has appeared. It means "community" of the
virtual particles emerging for the short periods of time and then
disappearing again. According to the modern knowledge, they appear in pares
"particle-anti-particle" and then disappear as the result of the
annihilation. Thus, virtual couples "electron-positron" annihilate with
generation of the virtual photon, which transforms itself into
"electron-positron" pare, and so on... Appearance and disappearance of the
virtual particles is "quantum fluctuations". Because any fluctuations are
changes around some average number, the physical vacuum could be described as
quantum system in minimal energy state, with its energy averaging to zero.
Therefore quantum fluctuations of the vacuum are often called
"zero-oscillations" of the electromagnetic field. ... In addition, they may
have effects on the real particles and fields existing in the vacuum.»
"American physicists generated something from
nothing." http://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/5158/ (In Russian)
That is to say that the real and the virtual particles
are constantly interacting with each other and the transformation of the
vacuum fluctuations into the real particles and vice versa can take place.
For example, fluctuations of the vacuum (zero-point fluctuations of the
electromagnetic field) can be converted into real photons - microwave
background radiation (the spectrum of the "black body" with a temperature of
2.7 K), and the virtual electrons take the role of real and vice versa - the
Lamb shift.
«And now, let's imagine: we observe this flying particle (let it be an
electron), and next to it virtual pares appear and disappear. Often Nature
confuses virtual particles with real ones, because one electron is exactly
the same as the other one. So imagine that close to your observed electron a
virtual pare appeared, only the antiparticle confused its virtual particle
with the real one and annihilated with the real particle. As a result of
that, the virtual electron has no other choice as to take upon a role of the
real particle. As result we see a true "miracle" - particle disappears in one
place and suddenly appears in another. A true teleportation indeed. Such
"shaking" of the electron orbit in atom was theoretically predicted and
experimentally confirmed - "lamb shift".»
"Casimir effect or vacuum problem."
http://www.eduhmao.ru/var/db/files/8630.kasimir.doc (In Russian)
The virtual particles are absolutely same as the real
particles only they live very short time, that is why they are called
virtual. It was experimentally confirmed that these virtual particles in
spite of their short lifetime influence the movement of the real particles
(lamb shift). That is to say that physical vacuum being a matter, influences
with its fluctuations the movement of all particles and, respectively,
influences the movement of any physical objects.
«Quantum field theory declares that according to the "uncertainty
principle" in physical vacuum virtual particles constantly appear and
disappear. With other words - "zero-oscillations" of fields constantly take
place.»
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Вакуум (In Russian)
The movement between the virtual particles to certain
extent is similar to the movement in the real matter, because the physical
vacuum filled with virtual particles is a material environment.
«Virtual particles determine the properties of the physical vacuum which
acquires in modern physics the properties of the material environment.»
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Материя_(физика) (In Russian)
Virtual particles present invisible (dark) matter,
filling the vacuum, therefore when photon moves in vacuum it still interacts
with virtual particles, resulting in energy loss. That is to say that the
photon moves not in an "empty space", but in the "field environment",
consisting of the "sea" of the virtual particles. Charged virtual particles
being under the influence of the changing electromagnetic field begin its own
oscillations just like real particles do. It should be stressed that virtual
particles can not diffract, because in order to be able to diffract a
particle should at first absorb and then eject photon. This is however
forbidden for the virtual particles because they exist in an unlinked state
(no atoms). The pure field interaction takes place, because electrical and
magnetic currents in electromagnetic wave influence the charged virtual
particles by shifting them (vacuum polarization). At the same time the energy
of the wave is being partially spent causing redshift. Such interaction is
not being dependent upon the wave length, because resonance does not happen.
Another example of pure photon fields interaction is when photons loose their
energy (become red) in gravitation field, where photons also do not diffract.
The fact that electromagnetic wave fades, expanding in field environment, is
not an extraordinary fact as literally any material environment causes wave
fading. Light consists of photons and the smaller is the energy of the
photon, the larger is the length of its wave.
It is impossible to divide macro- and micro-world, therefore we should
remember that all particles and bodies are de Broglie waves with their
own length and frequency. Sometimes de Broglie waves are being
interpreted as probability waves, but "probability" is pure mathematical term
and has no relation to diffraction and interference. There is no need in such
idealistic interpretations now - when it is commonly accepted that vacuum is
just one of the types of the matter, represented by quantum fields with least
energy level. Interference is redistribution of the vibrational energy in the
environment, that is why only real waves are capable of the generating of the
diffraction and the interference, and this statement is also applicable to
de Broglie waves. Waves without energy do not exist as any wave is an
expanding oscillation and it causes energy transformation from one form into
another and back. In such physical process the loss of the energy
(dissipation) always takes place. The energy is being transformed into the
inner energy of the environment. De Broglie waves (kinetic energy waves)
just as any other waves lose their energy with time - or transform it into
the inner energy of the vacuum (energy of the vacuum fluctuation). This is
seen as ""Pioneer" space craft anomaly effect".
«One of important results of "Pioneer" and "Voyager" space craft
missions is space craft braking effect, ""Pioneer" anomaly effect". Nature of
this effect remains unknown.»
http://www.cnews.ru (in Russian)
«Immediately after the discovery of the anomaly in the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory of NASA an expert group led by John Anderson was created to
discover the source of the anomaly. Taking to account the fact that such
anomaly effect is not being influenced by time factor or craft position, the
scientists have considered the influence of all possible sources of such
constant non-gravity-related factors: gas leaking, space dust collisions,
non-equilibrium warmth distribution in the crafts themselves, radio-waves
transmitter impulses. However, even after taking to account all of these
factors, the anomaly did not disappear. More than that, it turned out that
investigations of the space crafts such as "Galileo", "Cassini", "Ulysses"
working later outside of the Solar System, revealed same braking effect. This
allows to suggest that the reason of such an anomaly is not any of the
technical aspects relating to certain space craft. At this moment members of
the scientific group believe that the reason of the effect has explanation in
the so-called "new-physics".»
http://www.ntsomz.ru/news/news_cosmos/pioneer_29_june_2005 (in Russian)
It has been discovered that technical
aspects are not the reasons of the anomaly. For instance, specialists from
Anderson's group engaged in calculations of the heat effect, declared that
"the effect of the heat emission in "Pioneer" anomaly braking should be
small". They stated that heat effect decreases due to accumulators
exhausting, but "Pioneer" braking remains constant. Moreover, different types
of the space crafts have same braking value. In an attempt to explain the
anomaly by thermal effects certain "fitting" of the facts can be seen: some
scientists have one, some other results of calculations, but in any case
these effects are small and insufficient for explanation of the anomaly. More
precisely the anomalous deceleration is described by formula of the energy's
dissipation of one period of de Broglie wave oscillation, which allows to
calculate cosmological redshift as well as "Pioneer" space craft anomaly. The
formula is universal and applicable to all bodies and particles, including
photons:
Kinetic energy does not exist without de Broglie waves, that is why they
are linked to any moving particle, that is to say that kinetic energy
represents by itself the de Broglie wave. De Broglie waves are the
material essence of the kinetic energy. Real de Broglie waves (not the
probability waves) have - just as all physical waves - frequency equal to
If difficulties arise with the calculation of the speed, it is sufficient to
just convert this formula, replacing speed with a wave of de Broglie:
«Scientists established that so-called "Pioneers anomaly" - anomalous
braking of space crafts Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 in the outer part of the
Solar System - has non-gravitational nature.»
http://www.lenta.ru/news/2009/12/21/pioner/ (in Russian)
Anomalous braking was discovered for all space crafts,
for which such calculations were technically possible. Moreover, there are
facts confirming the braking of the asteroids as well.
«Assumable, the "Pioneers effect" should affect the asteroid
considerably. This asteroid is in an completely different location than that
one resulting from the astronomers calculations.»
http://science.compulenta.ru/182831/ (in Russian)
«... NASA expert group under the leading of S.G. Turyshev
believe that the "Pioneers anomaly" deserves the most detailed attention. It
is possible that investigation of this effect may lead to the fundamental
changes in the laws of the modern physics.»
http://news.cosmoport.com/2004/11/29/1.htm (in Russian)
«
http://lnfm1.sai.msu.ru/grav/russian/life/chteniya/sagi2007/turyshev_Anomaly.pdf
NASA investigation group under the leading of
S.G. Turyshev came up with a formula
ap = cH0, where
ap - is acceleration of the anomalous braking
It proves that all particles (and bodies) including photons experience
anomalous braking. But as photon is wave which always moves with the light
speed, they lose only energy, not a speed. Similar situation is seen when the
photons lose their energy in the gravitational field, showing redshift,
but other particles (bodies) brake, losing speed. It is clear that if the
anomalous braking effects the elementary particles, it would also effect the
photons as they are particles, too. This leads to the fact that
cosmological redshift can be calculated with the help of the anomalous
braking constant. Anomalous braking is V = apt,
where t - elapsed time. Respectively, de Broglie waves
redshift is
In the cosmic space one should take into account the resistance of the vacuum
quantum fluctuations. Their existence and ability to cause pressure was
proved experimentally. Moving objects hit vacuum fluctuations creating
certain "friction" caused by the virtual particles (dynamical Casimir
effect). Vacuum fluctuations cause the effect of shaking of the electron's
orbits in the atoms. Braking of the space crafts is not connected to the
gravitation, therefore it would be more correct to call "Pioneer anomaly" and
cosmological redshift the "kinetic energy loss in vacuum", and the
anomalous braking constant - the "vacuum braking constant". All effects
related to the vacuum fluctuations are so small that it is extremely hard to
detect them, same is to be said about the "effect of the loss of the kinetic
energy in the vacuum". Vacuum fluctuations interact with all elementary
particles, including photons. According to the quantum physics, the vacuum is
not an "empty space" but a certain material environment - quantum field, that
always interacts with matter - lamb shift, Casimir effect and so on.
Interaction is a force, therefore it could influence the moving of the
objects. If in the static Casimir effect fluctuation's energy pushes
the bodies, causing their movement, in the dynamical Casimir effect, on the
contrary, due to the "collisions" with the fluctuations, the energy of
bodies' motion is being transformed into the energy of the vacuum
fluctuations. That is to say that even in vacuum free moving body loses its
kinetic energy and consequently sooner or later will stop and remain still
relatively to fluctuations of the physical vacuum. For example, if a body
moves with the speed of 27 km/s then in about million years (not such a
long time in cosmological time measurement) it should stop relatively to the
vacuum. That is to say that the "Pioneers" crafts will not fly far, most
likely only as far as the Oort cloud. So it turns out that the vacuum can
induce the movement of the matter as well as brake this movement. Question
arises: if the dynamical Casimir effect causes the loss of the kinetic
energy, why don't we then observe the braking of the planets? Apparently, the
great masses of the planets carry away a physical vacuum, which greatly
reduces the inhibition of the fluctuations. Also, tidal forces act thanks to
which all the planets revolve around the Sun in the same direction. For
example, it is known, that due to the tidal forces the Earth moves away from
the Sun some 15 cm per year, and the Moon from the Earth - by
3.8 cm. That is to say that when the tidal forces are stronger that the
braking, to notice the anomalous (vacuum) braking effect is very difficult.
Also braking can not show itself in the small (atomic) distances. For
example, an electron in an atom can be only on the allowed orbits, therefore
it only "shakes" without smooth braking.
Further investigations showed that same effect is present while observing
other space ships - "Galileo", "Cassini", "Ulysses" - and it does not depend
upon time duration or position of the craft in the space. The "loss of the
kinetic energy in the vacuum" effect can be called proven as it is also
confirmed by the other facts. At a first glance this effect may seem
insignificant, but in reality it can be one of the greatest discoveries which
may lead to the fundamental review of the current laws of the physics. The
discovered effect of the "Pioneer anomaly" confirms once more the principle
of the corpuscular-wave dualism, that is to say that the redshift of the
de Broglie waves for all bodies and particles - including photons - is
the same and is to be calculated by the same formula. Therefore to get more
exact figure of the Hubble constant, it is enough to just send in the space a
spacecraft with the equipment necessary for the exact calculating of the
anomalous braking rather than to approximately define the Hubble constant by
the supernova explosions.
Now we make conclusions. All freely moving in the vacuum bodies and
elementary particles, including photons, undergo the redshift of
de Broglie waves which is to be calculated by the same formula:
When the cosmological redshift was discovered, it was unknown that vacuum
fluctuations existed and respectively, that the distribution of the
electromagnetic waves is always accompanied by the energy dissipation due to
the transformation of this energy into the inner energy of the vacuum.
Therefore the only - as it then seemed - possible explanation was put
forward: the Doppler effect. But not all scientists agreed to it, and the
disputes continued. Some thought it to be connected with the Doppler effect,
while others - including Edwin Hubble - thought that "the aging of light"
("tired light") happens, because ideal waves without dissipation simply do
not exist.
«Edwin Hubble, who discovered the redshift, let us see that it is connected
not to the Doppler effect, but to the effect of the increase of the light's
wavelength as light moves.»
http://ritz-btr.narod.ru/privid.html (In Russian)
At present, to explain the cosmological redshift there is
no necessity in the Big Bang theory - it is sufficient to have the modern
quantum field theory, where vacuum - the "sea" of the virtual particles,
which do not just "shake" the moving in orbits electrons, but also effect the
movement of any elementary particles. When the photons interact with the
virtual particles, the electromagnetic energy is being lost, it is observed
as the redshift.
«Vacuum polarization in quantum electrodynamics is the formation of
virtual electron-positron pairs from the vacuum under the influence of the
electromagnetic field.»
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Поляризация_вакуума (In Russian)
The field cases the offset of the virtual particles -
vacuum polarization. That is to say that the energy loss of the
electromagnetic oscillations occurs due to the "wobbling" of the charged
virtual particles. By definition, the osscillation of the waves is the
transformation of one energy form into another and back, and any
transformation of energy is inevitably accompanied by a partial loss; the
energy of the waves is being dissipated. It is the energy dissipation of
electromagnetic waves that creates a cosmological redshift, not the Doppler
effect caused by the acceleration of the galaxies by supernatural dark
energy.
«Hubble's Law is an empirical law connecting in a linear fashion the
redshift of the galaxies and distance to them:
cz = H0r, where
z - the redshift of the galaxy, r - the distance to it,
H0 - coefficient of proportionality,
called Hubble constant, c - velocity of the light.»
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Закон_Хаббла (In
Russian)
«
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_constant
«Using the Hubble's classical law
http://www.astrogalaxy.ru/858.html (In Russian)
Hubble's law is associated with the redshift of the
electromagnetic quants, that is why, in accordance with quantum physics, it
must be presented not only in classical but also in quantum form. For this
purpose into the formula of redshift dependency on time
and the redshift would be
At short distances - a full match with the Hubble's classical law
The dissipation of the photon energy per one oscillation:
After putting Hubble's law into its quantum form vn = nH0 it
becomes apparent that the cosmological redshift of the photon's frequency has
a quantum nature and depends only upon the number of oscillations per
traveled distance. That is to say that this is quantum effect, where wave's
energy dissipation takes place due to the "swinging" of the vacuum fluctuations.
 Frequency (energy) dependency on the distance. On top of the chart is the time (billion years). |
 Wavelength dependency on the distance. On top of the chart is the time (billion years). |
The graph shows that over 9.3 billion years (2.9 gigaparsecs)
the frequency is reduced by half. The frequency of the photon is directly
proportional to the energy; respectively,
«DAMPED OSCILLATIONS, the natural oscillations, the amplitude A
of which decreases with time t according to the law of the exponential
http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/natural_science/4301/ЗАТУХАЮЩИЕ (In Russian)
The study of the work of Nobel Prize winners in 2011 on
the distant type Ia supernovae, attested that the observed redshift of the
frequency for both the near and distant galaxies coincides with
rather than z = 2, as assumed in the theory
of Universe's expansion, hence the brightness of the supernova is
lower.
«With displacements z = 2 ... speed
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Космологическое_красное_смещение (In
Russian)
 1 - according to the theory of the Universe expansion (the Doppler effect). 2 - according to the Hubble quantum law (by the method of "standard candles"). On top of the chart is the time (billion years). |
 Speed dependence on the redshift by the Doppler effect (as percentage of the light speed). On top of the chart is the time (billion years). |
«In the works of the Nobel Prize winners in 2011 it was
discovered that the far away galaxies, the distance to which was calculated
by the Hubble's law, the type Ia supernova's have a brightness lower than the
one they were supposed to have. In other words, the distance to these
galaxies calculated by the method of the "standard candles" turns out to be
larger than the distance calculated on the basis of the previously set value
of the Hubble parameter. It was concluded that the Universe is not just
expanding, but that it is expanding with acceleration!»
http://hepd.pnpi.spb.ru/ioc/ioc/line%209-10-2011/n5.htm (In Russian)
«Thus, by studying distant from Earth supernovae's, the
winners found that those at least a quarter fainter than it had been
predicted by the theory, that means the stars are farther than determined
from the calculations.»
http://lebed.com/2011/art5913.htm (In Russian)
So studying distant supernovae's, the winners have found
that the distance calculated by the Doppler Effect does not correspond with
the actual distance to the stars. As of today Ia supernovae's are observed up
to z = 2. At z = 2, the distance calculated by the
Doppler effect, is 10.8 billion light-years (3.3 Gpc), and by the method
of "standard candles" 14.8 billion light-years (4.5 Gpc) redshift
increases exponentially
«... the scale factor of the Universe behaves asymptotically like
this: a(t) ~ eH0t - the Universe will
expand exponentially, and this has not really been expected earlier. That is,
it is the accelerated expansion of the Universe, but before that, according
to the standard theory, it appeared that the Universe should expand with the
slowdown»
Lecture A.D.Linde. http://elementy.ru/lib/430484
(In Russian)
According to the method of "standard candles" the
following is established:
«... a(t) ~ eH0t ...
http://www1.jinr.ru/Pepan/2012-v43/v-43-3/01_dol.pdf
(In Russian)
During the studies of distant galaxies it was discovered
that cosmological redshift occurs according to the law of the exponentially
damped oscillations, in accordance with the Hubble's quantum law, not with
the Doppler effect, then - for the sake of the salvation of the Big Bang
theory and against all laws of physics - a 'miraculous' explanation was
invented: the accelerated expansion of the Universe due to dark energy
(force). But in this case, the speed of the young galaxies must be less than
the speed of the old ones, such as our galaxy, and, therefore, our time
should slow down more. Because of this, the observed (by us) duration of the
outbreaks of the distant supernovae's should decrease, and not increase.
«This way the galaxies, spectrum of which had the observed double
increase of the wavelength of light, had their supernova explosions extended
also by two times: from two weeks to four weeks.»
http://www.ritz-btr.narod.ru/compress.html (In Russian)
For each shift, red or purple (due to the Doppler effect,
or under the influence of gravity, etc.), always changes not only the
wavelength, but also the duration of the wave packets. This happens because
the number of periods of oscillation does not change and accordingly, the
duration of the wave packets (bursts) varies in direct proportion to the
wavelength
It is foolish to talk about the expansion with acceleration, if - no matter
where we look - according to the Doppler effect, the young (distant) galaxies
are moving faster than the old ones, that is to say that over time the speed
becomes less - braking is 22 km/s in a million years. At the same time -
in some magical way - the young galaxies right after the Big Bang happened to
be on the outskirts of the Universe. It turns out that in the first seconds
after the explosion, all matter was on the surface of a sphere with a radius
of 13.7 billion light-years and was moving away from the center with great
speed.
According to the theory of Universe
expansion, the younger the galaxy the faster it is moving away from us. That
is, the acceleration of the galaxies occurs in the direction of the very
first seconds after the Big Bang, and this acceleration is observed in any
direction from us, indicating the absence of any logic in the theory. It
turns out that the explosion is coming from the point of the Big Bang, and
conversely, the acceleration occurs on any side of us. The proponents of this
theory explain this absurdity by the fact that at the moment of the Big Bang
all laws of physics and logic can be broken, and therefore there is
"complete freedom of choice".
«At the point of the Big Bang and other singularities all the laws are
violated therefore God keeps complete freedom of choice of what was happening
in singularities and how the beginning of the Universe looked like.»
Stephen William Hawking.
Also, the statement that the cosmic microwave background
radiation is associated with the Big Bang, contradicts logic, as in this case
it would have been observed on one side; on the side of the explosion, the
radiation source. For example, if somewhere a star explodes, one point would
be seen, the one where the explosion occurred. Radiation always comes from
the point of radiation. It is applicable to all sources, even those that are
more than 13 billion years old; they are also seen as points.
Due to the fact that on the basis of the theory of Universe expansion, the
distance calculated using the Doppler effect is wrong, the distant galaxies
appear to be small (compact), and type Ia supernovae have lower brightness.
For example, galaxy
«UDFj-39546284 is a compact galaxy, consisting of blue stars that have
existed 13.4 billion years ago, that is, approximately 380 million years after
the Big Bang. ... The galaxy has a redshift of z = 11.9.»
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDFj-39546284
(In Russian)
According to the Big Bang theory, at
z = 11.9 using the Doppler effect, the speed of the galaxy
is close to the speed of light and time passes very slowly, all processes are
slowed down z + 1 = 12.9 times. Accordingly,
it turns out that we have aged 380 million years, and galaxy has aged 29.5
million years after the Big Bang. But the formation of galaxies requires
about a billion years, and in such a short time the galaxy cannot be formed,
and if we consider that by the Doppler effect the distance to distant
galaxies is calculated incorrectly, time becomes negative.
«1 billion years - formation of the first galaxies.»
http://www.modcos.com/articles.php?id=105
(In Russian)
Waves are oscillations of a medium, as otherwise
diffraction and interference would not been observed. During the oscillations
there cannot be one hundred percent energy conversion, so the law of
attenuation is effective for all waves, due to dissipation by conversion of
one form of energy into another and back. No need to create myths, explaining
the cosmological redshift by the intervention of dark energy, "wedging the
galaxies off", since the usual formula of damped electromagnetic
oscillations, taking into account the quantum principles, allows accurate
calculation of the redshift for any distance.
«The chek-up showed that the data almost perfectly coincides with the
model of "tired light" and strongly disagrees with Friedmann's model.»
http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/vs/article/6797/ (In Russian)
«Finally, after taking pictures of very distant objects (z of order 4)
with the space telescope "Hubble", when it was expected to see the separate
objects of the early Universe, close to the beginning of evolution, it became
clear, that the complex structures (galaxies) are seen again. It is clear
that it would take tremendous time for the formation of its structure,
compatible with the age of the Universe calculated for the Big Bang model.»
http://bourabai.narod.ru/shtyrkov/evolution.htm (In Russian)
«... there is no significant evolution of the metallicity of the GRB
host galaxies in the range 0 < z < 6.»
A report in the SAI 05.04.13.
http://sed.sao.ru/~vo/cosmo_school/presentations/Sokolov_paper.pdf
(In Russian)
One of the main tasks of the space telescope "Hubble" was
to see the border of the Universe, but it has not been found. Everywhere
there is roughly the same pattern of galaxies, which do not differ by age.
The Universe is homogeneous, isotropic, there is no evolution of metallicity
and no visible signs of the Big Bang.
Distance calculations by the method of "standard candles" showed that the
cosmological redshift is in exact accordance with the formulas of Hubble's
quantum law. In fact it turns out that the Nobel Prize in 2011 has been
awarded for the confirmation of the Hubble's quantum law.
Hubble's law, as presented in quantum form, allows exact calculation of
the cosmological redshift for galaxies at any distance. For example, the
distance to galaxies, as calculated on the basis of the contemporary method
of "standard candles" (Nobel Prize 2011) mismatches the one calculated on the
basis of the Doppler effect (the Big Bang theory), while it is fully
consistent with Hubble's quantum law.
«It may seem that the vacuum fluctuations is an abstraction occuring in
the sick brain of the physicist, but it is not like that. The observable
manifestations of the vacuum fluctuation can be experimentally detected in
the microcosm.»
http://scorcher.ru/art/theory/vacuum/vacuum.php
(in Russian)
In quantum physics some of the phenomena may at first
glance seem absurd, for example wave-particle duality. Same is true for the
virtual particles; in spite of the apparent "nonsense" the quantum vacuum
fluctuations do actually manifest themselves in the Casimir effect, the
vacuum polarization, the spontaneous photon emission and the electrons'
"trembling" on the atomic orbits. Quantum fluctuations affect all elementary
particles, and, respectively, travelling through the fluctuating vacuum
spaceships "shake" as if traveling on the uneven road, which results in their
braking. On this moment the existence of the quantum vacuum fluctuations
is an experimentally proved fact. That is to say that the vacuum is not
just an empty space, but the "sea" of the virtual particles, therefore we
should take into account their influence not only on the microparticles, but
also on the cosmic objects. Concluding, it can be said that from the position
of the quantum physics, there is nothing phenomenal in the fact of such
vacuum braking. Abroad this field is being researched.
«Physicists predicted vacuum resistance.»
http://www.membrana.ru/particle/15726 (in Russian)
«Inhibition of the heavenly bodies particles of dark matter»
Department of Particle Physics and Cosmology,
Physics Department of MSU. http://ppc.inr.ac.ru/defence_2kurs.php (in Russian)
On the contrary, it would have been strange, if moving
body would not have been affected by the constant influence of the virtual
particles.
«Real particles constantly undergo the influence of the virtual ones,
and, therefore, unable to stay still. They behave as Brownian particles. As
the result of the influence of the virtual particles on the real particles,
the trajectories of the movement of the last ones are indistinct (is seen as
lamb shift of the electron's energy levels in atom). ... Virtual pairs
particle-anti-particle constantly appear and disappear, this phenomenon is
seen as vacuum fluctuations.»
http://www.portalus.ru/modules/philosophy/rus_readme.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1265364227 (in Russian)
At the motion of bodies such influence from the virtual
particles creates a pressure difference, which leads to inhibition. It should
be noted that, the certain inhibition in the vacuum arises relatively to the
microwave background radiation, since the electromagnetic waves also create
pressure. And even just starlight cause inhibition, because the higher speed
is, the greater the number of stars will be seen in front than behind.
A few years ago (2008), when nobody was doing research on
the friction in the vacuum (at least there were no publications) and this
work was perhaps the only one, the very fact of the possibility of the
friction in the vacuum was considered not acceptable and met with hostility
by the adherents of the classical concept of the vacuum as an empty space.
But when other scientists began to engage in similar researches and some
publications appeared on the friction (inhibition) in the vacuum, views on
this subject began to change. And in 2011 direct experimental evidence was
obtained, that is it was experimentally confirmed that a moving body "pushes"
forward virtual particles (dynamical Casimir effect) and, therefore, looses
its speed.
«First of all, we would like to thank you for such a courageous and
pioneering article "Braking of the space crafts caused by the vacuum
fluctuations". The reading of this article led to the series of discussions
in our organization. To the essence of the subject we can answer the
following. The main result of your work, namely - the formula for calculating
the energy dissipation during the motion of various objects in the physical
vacuum - does not simply attempt to explain some of the observed experimental
deviations from the existing theoretical models of similar motion. It claims
to replace the existing paradigm of the scientific picture of the world! We
are talking here about the change of the speed of the bodies relative to the
physical vacuum. And this problem has already engaged thousands of
researchers during two centuries!»
Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)
Braking of the space crafts caused by the vacuum fluctuations (Word)
Hubble's
quantum law (in English)
Hubble's quantum law (in
Russian)
Published in the
«Engineering Physics» (No. 3, 2014)
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